A Confession

On this day, 76 years ago, an atomic bomb, nicknamed “Fat Boy,” was dropped by an American B-29 Superfortress and detonated at 11:02 Japanese Time at an altitude of 1,650 ± 33 ft above a tennis court in the industrial valley of Nagasaki City. 46 years later, August 9, 1991, at 10:30 Pacific Time at an elevation of 3,965 ft, I got married for the first time in a municipal courthouse in Fallon, Nevada. I was 33. The woman was 19. 

I was sitting alone in my trailer on the outskirts of Fallon just sixty-four days before my wedding day when a car belonging to a friend pulled up outside. When I let him in, my friend (I’ll call him Chad) introduced me to a girl who was with him who was visiting from Texas (I’ll call her Belle). They had been in high school together and he was showing her off to everyone he knew. She sat in the middle of my living room wearing shorts, her (dyed) red hair falling down to her shoulders. In the two and a half years I’d been living in Fallon, I hadn’t seen anything so fresh and beautiful. I must’ve fallen for her then and there. 

That was a Thursday. On Friday I went with a girl I barely knew (her name now escapes me, so I’ll call her Suzy) on a triple date to Reno to dinner and to see the Bill Murray film What About Bob? Murray played an agoraphobic loon who was terrified to venture beyond his Manhattan apartment without the encouragement of his analyst, played by Richard Dreyfus. Since it was the weekend and Fallon was an hour’s drive east, after the movie Belle invited Suzy and me to spend the night at her hotel in Reno. We stopped at a gas station and bought beer and wine coolers and went to the hotel. It was the first time I’d gone out with Suzy, who was all of 17. After a few drinks she waited for a moment alone to ask me if I was a Christian. Somehow the phoney baloney answer I gave her was assurance enough. Since there was no bed, we tossed for it and I won. Chad and Belle got the floor. I wasn’t intending to do anything but sleep that night until certain tell tale noises emanated from the floor below. Suzy whispered excitedly, “This is like sex education!” 

In the morning the four of us drove back to Fallon. On entering my trailer I found my answering machine had several messages on it. A woman with whom Chad was romantically involved had called inquiring on his whereabouts. Using my phone, he called her back. When he was done, he went outside with Belle and explained his situation: he was involved with this other woman and if he didn’t go back to her immediately she was going to throw all his shit in the street. Chad asked me to look after Belle until her flight home Monday morning. I drove Suzy home. Belle spent the rest of the weekend with me. 

Weeks later, with Belle back in Denver, I was with another friend in a Fallon bar. It was there that I came up with the plan that resulted in my marrying Belle. I pitched it to her as a marriage of convenience. Since I was in the Navy (the only reason I was in Fallon, a small town in the high alkali desert of Nevada), she would remain in Denver and enjoy the benefits of being my dependent and I would finally be compensated for my rent, which was taking a big bite out of my paycheck. Since I was single, I was provided with free room and board - in a barracks. But since I was in my thirties, I refused to be a barracks rat, my bed and locker subject to periodic inspections, and having to share the TV with roommates not of my choosing. I don’t know how I did it, but I persuaded Belle to go through with it. 

Over the following weeks, however, something happened that I failed to bring to her attention. I had fallen in love with her. I should have told her, but my reason for not doing so were selfish and unforgiveable. To her, it was a fun, impulsive masquerade. But I wanted it to be real, and I stupidly believed I could make it so. The only thing I did wrong was not telling her. 

I picked her up in Reno. She brought a friend along to be her bridesmaid. And the feeling of an impending disaster closed in on me. We were married by a judge that Friday morning. I was wearing a suit I’d worn at a good friend’s wedding in Pittsburgh the year before. Belle wore a used gown that was too big for her. We had a reception at the very same bar in which I came up with the plan to marry her. We drank to excess. There was no consummation, but that was the least of my problems. We drove around in the desert and watched the shooting stars and watched a lot of videos and, the honeymoon over, I took her to the airport. I got orders to Okinawa but I would only accept them and reenlist if she promised to come with me. She lied – and promised. When she failed to show up in Okinawa, the Navy told me I had to give her my allowance for quarters or get the marriage dissolved. I did the latter. I hired a divorce lawyer in Reno and the marriage was annulled in November 1993. I never saw or heard from her again. 

I’m calling this a confession, but while I’ve done plenty of penance in 30 years, I never asked for absolution. The Welsh poet Alun Lewis wrote, 

Never fear to venture 

Where the last light trembles 

Because you were in love 

Love never dissembles. 

Baloney. Love will do whatever it has to do to survive. I’ve been in love four times in my life and it never worked out. 

So...

Kiss today goodbye 

The sweetness and the sorrow 

Wish me luck, the same to you 

But I can't regret 

What I did for love, what I did for love.

Postscript

After publishing this post yesterday evening, I read the following in Saul Bellow's The Adventures of Augie March:

I had wanted to marry her, but there isn't any possession. No, no, wives don't own husbands, nor husbands wives, nor parents children. They go away, or they die. So the only possessing is of the moment. If you're able. And while any wish lives, it lives in the face of its negative. This is why we make the obstinate sign of possession. Like deeds, certificates, rings, pledges, and other permanent things. 

Seize the Day (1986)

Robin Williams always made me nervous. His protean free-association stand-up comedy seemed in equal parts antic and frantic to me. Watching him on TV made me feel like I was an audience member close to the stage, fearful that he might single me out. 

I have been wanting for decades to see the film that was made in 1986 of Saul Bellow’s short novel Seize the Day. It was first broadcast on PBS’ Great Performances program, but I don’t recall if I saw it then. I didn’t read the Bellow novel until last year. What I wrote about it then didn’t do it the justice it deserved:  

It is the strangeness and suddenness of the novel's last scene that catches the reader by surprise. Having lived through Tommy Wilhelm's long day alongside him, feeling his rising frustration and the congestion in his chest, and his inability to explain to his father or his wife or to Tamkin, the charlatan whose cockeyed wisdom causes Tommy to trust him enough to invest his remaining savings in the trading fortunes of lard on the stock exchange, what he is feeling, what he wants in his life, made the release of his tears, at the side of a strange man's coffin, provoked by his love and his fear and his grief at the waste of half his life, an utterly convincing and uplifting conclusion to his day. 

Alfred Kazin said it better: 

Seize the Day [is] the painfully exact American tragedy of our affluent day . . . The protagonist is the city man who feels that the sky is constantly coming down on him. Before he dies, he will make it clear that his greatest need is not money or love or the “peace” he vainly seeks out of the city, but the reason of things. No one in history ever felt the loss of this so keenly as the modern man who lives in the most “developed” society of all time. 

Williams never had good prospects for an actor. You could see from his comedy routines that he didn’t have much control over himself. Even in comedic roles his directors let him go too far. The role of Tommy Wilhelm in Seize the Day required him to keep it together until the last scene and then let go. But Williams acts like he’s already lost it in the very first shot of him speeding down a country road in a beat-up station wagon, talking to himself, impatiently lighting a cigarette (he smokes through the whole film, or pretends to), and flipping the bird at his boss. At times his level of intensity is too loud. He steals his scenes only because you’re not sure he might explode at any moment. 

His last scenes, after he loses everything on the commodities exchange, are increasingly embarrassing – dashing down the New York streets screaming (where is he running?), scaring people out of the way until he thinks he sees Tamkin entering a building in a crowd and he finds himself at the funeral of someone he doesn’t even know. In the novel, Tommy is in the line of mourners, passing the body in the coffin, and he breaks down in tears, weeping uncontrollably. It is overwhelming as written by Bellow. In the film, Tommy’s breakdown is off-putting. Baring his teeth like he’s about to give out with his Whitmanesque yawp, Robin Williams pulls a grotesque face and starts to bawl like a child. 

Williams – and the film’s producers – counted too much on his popularity and, like Tommy Wilhelm, got in over his head and lost. It’s a pity because he’s accompanied by a few good actors. Thomas Wiseman (who quite fittingly once played Dr. No in the very first James Bond film) is perfectly imperious as Tommy’s father, determined to resist every appeal for help from his son. Glenne Headly is lovely as Olive, Tommy’s Roman Catholic girlfriend, who waits patiently while he disentangles himself from his too demanding ex-wife. Jerry Stiller astounds as Dr. Tamkin, an old school bullshitter who both inspires Tommy and fleeces him of his last $600. He is completely deliberate in taking advantage of Tommy’s ignorance of money and calmly disappears the moment Tommy realizes he’s been had. (The film should’ve been rated R for the scene in which Stiller goes shirtless in the bath house shower. The strange proportions of his body defy description.) Jo Van Fleet is delightful as old Mrs. Einhorn, who is seen only in elevators with her incontinent dachshunds. And when Tommy has to (reluctantly) help Tom Aldredge (as the half-blind trader Rappaport) across the street to a tobacco store and then has to practically carry him back before the light changes, you will wonder at the direction of TV veteran Fielder Cook. And Saul Bellow himself appears passing Tommy in the hotel hallway dressed in a stylish trenchcoat and hat. 

One scene comes close to the optimum sadness expressed in Bellow of Tommy’s unrequited love for his father. Near the end of the film Tommy makes his way through the Hotel Gloriana’s subterranean steam room looking for his father. He passes several old men laid out as if on slabs waiting for the masseur. Tommy recognizes his father, lying on his stomach. The way the scene is shot (by Eric Van Haren Noman) is extraordinary: the old doctor turns over to address his son, exposing his naked torso, covered in sweat, his neck tendons straining, his eyes bulging, as he rejects Tommy’s final appeal – for money, yes, but also for help, and ultimately for love. Dr. Adler cruelly rejects his appeals. “You want to make yourself into my cross, but I’m not gonna let you do that. Get away from me now. It’s torture for me to look at you, you slob!” 

The production is as good as one had any reason to expect, even for PBS’ Great Performances. The period costumes, the art direction, the cars in the streets and some well-chosen locations present to us a point blank and actual Manhattan in 1956. It would’ve been far more moving if the lead had been played by a real actor (like Cristopher Walken, for example) instead of by a comic quite outside of his element. This was the first straight role for Williams, who played in The World According to Garp and Moscow on the Hudson prior to Seize the Day. He would improve as a dramatic actor as he got older, but only because the material was shaped to suit his unique talents.

The Passenger

Earlier this month the death of Clare Peploe was announced in the news. I knew her name because of her association with two Italian filmmakers, one great (Michelangelo Antonioni), the other not (Bernardo Bertolucci). She was romantically involved with them both (she married Bertolucci in 1978), which would be irrelevant were it not for the fact that, post-Peploe, Antonioni’s work fell off a cliff and Bertolucci’s went from bad (1900) to worse (La Luna). 

In Carlo Ponti’s Guardian obituary, John Francis Lane wrote: “Under an agreement with MGM, Ponti produced three English-speaking films by Michelangelo Antonioni, two of which are among the director's best works, Blow Up (1966) and The Passenger (1975). The third film, Zabriskie Point (1970), shot in the US, was not well received but has since acquired a cult following.” Lane was being far too kind to both Ponti and Antonioni. Zabriskie Point was the second instalment in Antonioni’s three-picture deal with MGM. It was a confused mess in 1970 when it was released and time has certainly been unkind to Antonioni’s infatuation with 60s youth culture. 

Clare Peploe is credited with co-writing Zabriskie Point, along with Antonioni, Tonino Guerra, Fred Gardner, and Sam Shepard. Clare’s brother, Mark Peploe, Antonioni and Peter Wollen are credited with the script of The Passenger, Antonioni’s last film for MGM. Zabriskie Point was an artistic and commercial disaster. The Passenger was, in one sense, even worse than Zabriskie Point in that it could easily be mistaken for a thriller. Genre is where artists go when they die. 

Evidently, Antonioni’s collaborators on The Passenger noticed that two of his best films – L’Avventura and Blow-Up – contained an unresolved central mystery: Anna’s disappearance in the former and a possible murder in the latter. So in The Passenger the protagonist, David Locke, a journalist who is in North Africa to make contact with a rebel leader, discovers that a man named Robertson in the next room has died of a preexisting heart problem and, for no apparent reason (job frustration? The Saharan heat?), Locke takes Robertson’s passport, switches their photos, takes Robertson’s appointment book and leaves the hotel. Locke/Robertson informs the confused management that Locke is the dead man. 

Sporting a (fake) moustache, after a brief visit to his – Locke’s – home in London to retrieve some documents from a locked box (when no one else is there), he follows Robertson’s itinerary to Munich and an airport locker containing a weapons invoice. Two of his “contacts” are there, but he doesn’t notice them. They follow Locke to a Bavarian church and approach him after a wedding ceremony to get the papers from him and pay him the first instalment. Robertson, it turns out, was a gun runner. His next meeting is in Barcelona, but they warn him that government agents of the African state could be on to him. 

Next stop, Barcelona. Locke takes in some of the sights, including a cable car ride in which he leans out of the window and flaps his arms like he’s flying (looks like James Cameron borrowed the idea for Titanic). Meanwhile one of the rebel contacts is captured and beaten up. And Locke’s wife discovers that the dead man isn’t him. Thereafter, in a real and incalculably sad way, The Passenger becomes a – highly uncommon – chase movie. Locke sees a friend, Martin, on a Barcelona street and, trying to hide from him, he runs into a woman – the same woman he made eye contact with in London. She is an architecture student engaged in studying Antoni Gaudi’s work. We are shown more of Gaudi’s strange playground architecture. The Girl (she is otherwise unidentified) tells Locke the story of Gaudí’s sad death. With Martin hot on his trail, Locke decides to leave Barcelona. The Girl accompanies him to a sleepy village hotel where, it turns out, Locke has an appointment. The penultimate seven-and-a-half minute single shot, involving a camera, gyroscopes and a crane, was as mysteriously pulled off as Locke’s death. All the relevant personages are there – the African government agents, Locke’s wife Rachel (who fails to identify her husband), and the Girl (who says she knew him – whoever “he” was). As others noted at the time, Antonioni was fond of wordless, ambiguous endings. This one disappoints only because everything that came before it doesn’t deserve it. If only the rest of the film had been as meticulously and seamlessly planned, staged, and shot. (1)

One of the only advantages the film has is Antonioni’s unerring eye for a fetching shot. Luciano Tovoli, the film’s DP, got a lot of praise, but he failed to mention that he was only acting as Antonioni’s third eye. 

Antonioni never communicated well with his actors, especially male actors. Look at Marcello Mastroianni’s undistinguished performance in La Notte (opposite Jeanne Moreau’s smoldering performance). Jack Nicholson does what he can with an impossibly-written role, but he looks and sounds completely out of place. Nicholson worked very hard to salvage The Passenger and re-release it. His commentary on the DVD is invaluable and highly reverential of Antonioni. (2)

As for his actresses, Antonioni had an obvious weakness for pronounced jawlines: Monica Vitti, Vanessa Redgrave, and now Jenny Runacre, who plays Locke’s wife Rachel. Maria Schneider seems disengaged throughout the enterprise and her thickly-accented English isn’t helped by the ponderous pretentiousness of the dialogue. It is at times thuddingly banal. But look out for an extremely rare – albeit weak – attempt at humor. In the Bavarian church, when Locke counts the money in the envelope he exclaims, “Jesus Christ!” Remembering where he is, he adds, “Sorry!” 

Another thing Antonioni doesn’t handle well is politics. He may have believed it was safe to deal with something as arcane as an African insurgency, but he includes a quite gratuitous piece of film in which a political prisoner is executed by firing squad, with the prisoner’s body twitching violently at the impact of each bullet. We are shown the film on a Moviola screen, on which Locke’s friend Martin is editing it. Apparently (and this is confirmed by IMDB), the execution wasn’t staged but is an actual event. How Antonioni expected us to react to the filmed execution is impossible to tell, but it reminds me of something Orwell wrote: “So much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot.” 

Finally, Antonioni’s downfall may have been attended by nothing more than poor writers of English. The English dramatist Edward Bond wrote the dialogue for Blow-Up. While it isn’t scintillating, it is functional. Nobody talks nonsense or unnaturally, like they do in Zabriskie Point and The Passenger. Efforts had been made to entice Fellini and Bergman, among others, away from their native countries and languages and make English language films. When Antonioni left Italy to fulfil the terms of his MGM contract, his peers must have seen it as the enormous risk – to his art – that it eventually proved to be. He wasn’t just leaving his native country and native language behind – he was forsaking his ethos, his frame of reference, his whole artistic world. He had made films outside Italy before: I Vinti had segments filmed in France and in England. Antonioni should've seen it as a warning. Only the Italian episode worked (even if Antonioni was forced to re-shoot some of its scenes). 

In 1968, Vernon Young seemed to foretell Antonioni’s fate: "Antonioni’s L’Avventura is unbroken witness to the catastrophe that ineluctably overcomes the man who is cut off – from his family, from his fellows, from himself."(3)

(1) A fascinating article devoted exclusively to the hotel room shot can be found here. 

(2) The version I watched was the expanded 126 minute version.

(3) “Our Local Idioms,” On Film: Unpopular Essays on a Popular Art (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1972)

The Shout (1978)

“’My story is true,’ he said, ‘every word of it. Or, when I say that my story is “true”, I mean at least that I am telling it in a new way. It is always the same story, but I sometimes vary the climax and even recast the characters. Variation keeps it fresh and therefore true.’” 

One of the accomplishments of modernism was the erosion of the good guy/bad guy dichotomy in novels, theater and films. By now, no one objects to the sympathetic portrayal of killers. There have been just as many works that present to us the Madman as Hero and the suggestion that the wrong people are populating lunatic asylums. 

The Robert Graves story “The Shout” was written in 1924, during Graves’s long convalescence from the war. He experienced what was then known simply as shellshock (an overtaxing of the adrenal gland) and was so badly wounded in the Battle of the Somme that he was pronounced dead. His obituary even appeared in the London Times. Along with his fellow war survivor, Siegfried Sassoon, Graves was familiar with the institutions that treated war veterans and their various mental conditions. One such institution is depicted in “The Shout” – a quite genteel English asylum in which the inmates are hard to distinguish from their doctors. 

Charles Crossley is one of the patients, whom, the lead doctor explains, suffers from "delusions”. The story’s narrator, a new member of the hospital staff, is delegated to be scorekeeper of a cricket match. Crossley is in the scoring booth with him and he tells him the story of Richard and Rachel. In the story-within-a-story, Charles tells Richard that he has the power to kill with a shout: 

It is a magic shout that I learned from the chief devil of the Northern Territory. I took eighteen years to perfect it, and yet I have used it, in all, no more than five times… My shout is not a matter of tone or vibration but something not to be explained. It is a shout of pure evil, and there is no fixed place for it on the scale. It may take any note. It is pure terror, and if it were not for a certain intention of mine, which I need not tell you, I would refuse to shout for you. 

Being careful to shout in a remote place, Richard and Charles go out on the sand dunes and are quite alone when Richard instructs Charles to shout on his signal. Without Charles seeing him do it, Richard has put candle wax in his ears. We get no description of the sound itself, just the odd appearance of Charles’s face and Richard fainting. 

A contest of dominance over Rachel ensues between Charles and Richard, and when Richard loses, he practices some magic of his own and smashes a stone he found in the dunes that he believes is Charles’s soul. The action of the story returns to the cricket match where a violent storm has appeared. During the ensuing deluge, Crossley becomes agitated. The chief doctor tries to calm him but Crossley threatens to shout him dead. Just then a lightning bolt strikes the scorer’s booth, killing Crossley and the doctor. The story concludes with the narrator informing us that he is boarding in the house of Richard and Rachel, who know of Crossley only as a clever conjurer. 

The story runs to only twenty pages and seems a little thin to have been made into a feature-length film. It opens at the end of the story, with Rachel (Susannah York) hurriedly arriving at the hospital and uncovering three dead bodies: the chief doctor (Robert Stephens) , Crossley (Alan Bates), and – presumedly – another patient. The same scene takes place at the end of the film, with Rachel concentrating her attention on the body of Crossley. John Hurt plays Richard, and the narrator, identified as Robert Graves, is played by Tim Curry. The major difference between the story and the film is that in the story Crossley’s tale is pure lunatic invention. The married couple, Richard and Rachel, who figure prominently in Crossley’s tale, barely know who he is. The filmmaker, Jerzy Skolimowski, chose to make Crossley’s story “true”, which leads to some confusion. In the film Crossley is captured by police for the murder of his “children.” In the story he is arrested for the murder of a couple in Australia. After he shouts one of the policemen down, Crossley is taken away in the back of a police car – presumably to the asylum. When the film opens, Crossley is driving a motorcycle and sidecar past Richard and Rachel’s car. Rachel drops Richard at the hospital right before we meet “Robert Graves.” A scene early in the film suggests some infidelity from Richard. And why is Rachel tenderly doting on Crossley’s dead body in the final shot? 

Jerzy Skolimowski, a Polish filmmaker of the same generation as Roman Polanski, has had an uneventful career. His best and most personal work was made in Poland prior to his expulsion. His best-known and best-remembered film in the West was the quietly heartbreaking Moonlighting, about a group of Poles working in England when Jaruzelski’s martial law is imposed. Skolimowski chose to turn Graves’s story of a delusional mental patient into a kind of New Age horror movie, similar to The Wicker Man. It makes no attempt to explain or justify the magical elements, the evil shout, a stolen shoe buckle and the stones that are supposedly souls. Graves, who was no stranger to magic, simply made them Crossley’s ravings. Skolimowski tried to leave us guessing – which will not do. 

Otherwise the film is occasionally breathtaking to watch. Mike Molloy, the Aussie cinematographer who also shot the excellent The Hit, creates striking images with locations in North Devon. Two of the original members of the rock band Genesis, Anthony Banks and Michael Rutherford, created an unusual soundtrack for the film. The staging of the shout itself, on the dunes of North Devon, is brilliant. 

That leaves the superb cast, headed by Alan Bates and John Hurt. Bates exudes genuine power in every scene he is in, while Hurt struggles valiantly to keep his wits about him. Susannah York, who was a darling of 60s British film, supplies the film with her nude presence in many scenes, including a few in which she is manipulated – indirectly – by Bates. I recall reading how a very old Robert Graves sat beside her at the film’s premiere. How it must have tickled dotty old Graves to be sitting next to her during those nude scenes.

A Summer's Tale

Éric Rohmer (1920-2010) was a gift to filmgoers that so very few ever appreciated. Once he achieved financial independence with the foundation of Les Films du Losange, his own (and Barbet Schroeder’s) production company in 1962, he was free to make whatever film he pleased, with no consideration for “audience appeal” or “entertainment values.” It helped, of course, that his films had enough esthetic appeal to attract critical attention. And he won plenty of festival awards over the span of a very long career. These encouraged enough people to seek out his work, but, as indicated, not so many. Only one of his films, My Night at Maud’s, broke through the $1M ceiling at the box office. A Summer’s Tale (Un conte d’été, 1996) Rohmer’s twenty-first feature film, made just $318,739. 

He has an affinity with summer and with summer’s prime destination, the beach. La Collectionneuse (1967), the 3rd of his Six Moral Tales and his first film in color, was set in St. Tropez in the south of France. My Night at Maud’s ends on an island (Belle Ile en mer, “beautiful island on the sea” no less) off the Bretagne coast. Pauline at the Beach was filmed in Jullouville, just up the coast from Mont St. Michel. A Summer’s Tale is set not far from there, in Saint-Malo and Dinard. As I wrote more than a decade ago, “[Rohmer’s] foremost quality is an intellectualized sensuality, where the one invariably nullifies the other.” The seaside is the best place for a filmmaker to elicit sensuality in his characters, creating a sexy pretext in which to juxtapose quasi-philosophical discussions. It may perhaps have to do with his characters seeing one another nearly naked, or else it’s the heat and the relaxed pace of vacationers. 

Philosophy is taken far more seriously by the French, and Rohmer’s characters take pride in their ability to talk about their emotional lives. It is also the source of most of the humor, since the people in his films invariably talk a better game than they’re capable of living up to. It gives them an air of mastery over perfectly inexplicable behavior. 

Take Gaspard, for instance, the male lead character in A Summer’s Tale, played by Melvil Poupaud. He arrives in Saint-Malo with a backpack and guitar and moves into a room to which he has a key (it belongs to a friend). He doesn’t speak a word until nearly eight minutes of the film have expired. He says them to Margot, a waitress at a local créperie (played by Amanda Langlet, who was such a disarming presence thirteen years earlier in Pauline at the Beach). Gaspard and Margot meet by chance one day on the beach and they start a conversation. Her attraction to him isn’t returned, but as we quickly learn, Gaspard isn’t subject to any strong emotions. She invites him to a dance club, but he dances alone until finally sitting down to watch everyone else enjoy themselves. He has a clumsy way of crossing his arms and raising his fingers to his face, like he’s going to bite his nails. 

After expressing her interest in him, during one of many long walks around the coast, Gaspard informs Margot that he’s waiting for his girlfriend, Lena, to join him. Meanwhile, Solène (Gwenaëlle Simon), a local beauty, has a go at Gaspard. Like a ton of bricks. Gaspard succumbs, while still awaiting Lena. Not exactly a love quadrangle (Gaspard has a Math degree), but an interesting quandary for a youth as callow as Gaspard. Just as he finds that he must choose one of these women (he repeatedly mentions taking one of them to Ouessant, a somewhat distant and – presumably – magical island), a friend sends him miraculous deliverance in the form of an 8-track recorder at an affordable price, and Gaspard, who insists that his music must come first, gratefully departs to purchase it. Margot sees him off at the ferry. On the soundtrack, Gaspard sings a sea shanty he has written, apparently, for just such an occasion. The action of the film lasts only three weeks, July 17 (today's date) to August 6. 

Rohmer didn’t discover his “style” as early as one might think. He made his first short film in 1950 and his first feature film in 1959. He is best known for the last four of his Six Moral Tales, La Collectionneuse, My Night at Maud’s, Claire’s Knee, and Love in the Afternoon. Practically all of his films since then have been thematically and visually similar. A Summer’s Tale has no surprises. Even for a seasoned cinephile, Rohmer’s films are difficult because they rely so much on faces and voices. The beach locations are eye-grabbing, but they serve only as a scenic backdrop. 

I must admit it was an effort on my part to take an interest in these young people – not so much because of the difference in age (Rohmer was older than me – 76 – when he made A Summer’s Tale), but the focus of attention almost entirely on the moment, the sensations, the mood, the contact with others one’s own age. Rohmer said he based his script on memories of his time as a young film student. He admitted that he is uncomfortable in the company of people over 40, but I think his interest in young people is due to their nascent qualities – traits of which they are barely even aware. You could call it simply naïveté, if that word didn’t feel so out of date. Older men and women are too cautious, perhaps, for a Rohmer film. 

A commendable quality in Rohmer’s films is his choice of actors (or nonactors). The three women actors in A Summer's Tale, Amanda Langlet, Gwenaëlle Simon, and Aurelia Nolin, are far more interesting – more watchable – than Melvil Poupaud, one of the most callow of Rohmer’s leading men. But this was probably intentional. When Gaspard manages to evade the consequences of his triple dealing, even when it is Margot who sees him off, it can’t have come as much of a surprise to Solène or Lena. 

One of Cesare Pavese’s earliest novels was called The Beach (La Spiaggia), about a group of male friends and an attractive woman one of them introduces to the group at a summer retreat. Stanley Edgar Hyman called it “the comic ghost of a tragic love story.” Rohmer’s A Summer’s Tale catches the fleeting insouciance of the season, and is memorable without being consequential.

Él

Luis Buñuel’s made thirty-two films in three different countries in two hemispheres over the span of a career that lasted 48 years, from 1929 to 1977. Some of them are great, some of them are good, and several are simply bad. His best were his first two flagrantly surrealist films made in France, An Andalusian Dog and L’Âge d’Or, a one-off documentary that was promptly banned in his native Spain called Las Hurdes, the fearless Mexican film Los Olvidados, his triumphant return to Spain (and top form), Viridiana, the Mexican short Simon of the Desert, and his very last film in France, That Obscure Object of Desire. 

Some critics don’t seem satisfied with so much fine work to celebrate. Now that even his most obscure films are available, they hold up his lesser, flawed films, like Nazarin, The Exterminating Angel, Tristana, and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie as masterpieces as well. They even find something to praise in films that Buñuel admitted were failures, like Él (1953), which has lately achieved a cult status. In his exquisite memoir, My Last Breath, Buñuel characterized Él (He) as a dramatized case study: 

It’s simply the portrait of a paranoiac, who, like a poet, is born, not made. Afterwards, he increasingly perceives reality according to his obsession, until everything in his life revolves around it. Suppose, for instance, that a woman plays a short phrase on the piano and her paranoid husband is immediately convinced that it's a signal to her lover who's waiting somewhere outside, in the street. . . .(1) 

This is a good premise for a study of pathology, but how does a viewer who doesn’t suffer from Señor Galván de Montemayor’s fixations respond to Buñuel’s exploration of them? They are wrong, I think, to believe that Buñuel intended us to laugh – there isn’t a trace of humor in the film. To Buñuel, the man’s case is a source of interest for an outsider like him, for whom the manias resulting from the final stages of a Christian ethos, spurred by a rapacious capitalism in which property is sovereign, are a source of interest in themselves. 

The film opens with the repellent Roman Catholic ritual of foot washing in which a priest on Holy Thursday washes the feet of a subordinate (in this case an altar boy) as Jesus washed the feet of his disciples. Buñuel adds to our discomfort by closing in with Gabriel Figeroa’s camera for a closeup of the priest kissing the boy’s foot. The man filling the basin with water is Francisco, who, judging from his participation in the ritual, is church laity and a pillar of society. He watches the priest kissing another’s boy’s foot, then abstractedly looks down the row of feet in the congregation until he sees the stylish shoes worn by Gloria, an attractive young woman. When she notices Francisco’s gaze, she becomes alarmed. 

The service ended, she leaves the church, but when she reaches the holy water font, Francisco is there holding a handful of water into which to dip her fingers. She turns away from him and by the time he reaches the street her car has driven away. Francisco returns to the church every day in hopes of seeing her again, and when he finally does and he tells her of his obsession, she tells him she is engaged to another man. 

Following her from the church, Francisco discovers that Gloria’s fiancé is an old friend of his named Raúl. Francisco invites the two of them to his house (an Alphonse Mucha art deco nightmare) where his gives an impassioned speech about love over dinner that conquers Gloria. Strolling together in the garden, Gloria kisses Francisco. 

The film jumps forward a little, and then jumps back as Gloria tells Raúl, whom she had thrown over to marry Francisco, what a nightmare her marriage to him became, right from their wedding night. Honeymooning in Guanajuato (an exquisite old city in the mountains), Francisco is suspicious of every man they encounter. He discovers an old acquaintance is staying right next door to their hotel room. He takes a hatpin to the adjoining door and rams it through the keyhole.

Francisco's suspicions and accusations become increasingly violent as the film proceeds to its inevitable conclusion with him becoming completely unhinged and sequestered in a monastery. It would’ve been too much to ask of Buñuel to make Francisco the least bit pathetic, when none of Buñuel’s characters inspires our sympathy. Every one of them seems at least half-crazed, and most of them are doomed. Buñuel takes a very dim view of human beings, so why should Francisco and Gloria be any different? The only benefit his characters derive from his dramas is experience – but it is of the most unedifying kind. 

The film feels terribly rushed, especially in the introductory scenes, as if Buñuel’s hurried shooting schedule had affected the narrative. It’s stock footage up until Francisco’s maniacal jealousy begins to show itself. The acting is merely competent. Arturo de Córdova was briefly in Hollywood, even playing Casanova (which is ironic in itself – Francisco’s jealousy is clearly the result of sexual inadequacy). He plays Francisco as straight as possible under the circumstances, but Buñuel’s direction must’ve been confusing. Buñuel admitted that Él was a miscalculation: 

In general, it wasn’t very well received. In Mexico, El was nothing short of disastrous. Oscar Dancigers [the film’s producer] stormed out of the screening room while the audience was convulsed with laughter. I went into the theatre just at the moment when (shades of San Sebastian) the man slides a long needle through a keyhole to blind the spy he thinks is lurking behind the door. Oscar was right; they were laughing. The film played for a couple of weeks, but only thanks to the prestige of Arturo de Cordova, who played the lead. 

I didn’t find anything funny about the film, and I have to wonder what his Mexican audience was laughing at. There is not even a trace of the sardonic or ironic. There are only increasingly strained examples of paranoia. Because Francisco is so respected by society and by the head of the local church (everyone, it seems, takes his side in confrontations), there is a political aspect to the film, but it doesn’t have the bite that it does in Viridiana or even in the flawed Nazarin. And there isn’t a flicker of the eroticism Buñuel liked to throw in at the oddest moments. 

So, if you remove the comedic aspect of the story, what's left? As Buñuel wrote, “My only consolation came from Jacques Lacan, who saw the film at a special screening for psychiatrists at the Cinémathèque in Paris and praised certain of its psychological truths.” 

(1) My Last Breath (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983).

Portnoy's Praise

Philip Roth’s third novel, Portnoy’s Complaint, published in 1969, was the ultimate renunciation and celebration of his Jewishness. While the explicit – and utterly burlesque – depictions of masturbation made the novel an instant bestseller, it’s preoccupation with the negative psychological effects of growing up Jewish in America provoked the ire of many prominent Jewish critics.(1) In Roth’s Guardian obituary, Eric Homberger spells it out:

From his earliest work, Roth’s Jewish readers were uneasy with his ironic view of Jewish life. Roth delighted in every nuance and absurdity of Jewish life in the US, but his defiantly secular sensibility was without piety or reverence. When asked about his religious beliefs in 2006, Roth told the radio interviewer Terry Gross that he had “no taste for delusion” nor any need for spiritual consolation. The Jewish community saw Roth as a wisenheimer – a sharp-tongued young man who had turned his back upon the religion of his fathers. . . . Heavyweight critics agreed. Robert Alter saw an element of “uncontrolled rage” against women and Jewish parents in Roth’s early books. Irving Howe argued that Roth lacked Tolstoyan amplitude because his books came out of a “thin personal culture”. Alfred Kazin wrote that Roth seemingly had escaped from his Jewishness altogether. (2)

While Portnoy’s Complaint is a consistently scathing assignment of blame by its self-centered narrator on his parents in Newark, New Jersey, Roth insisted that his own parents bore no resemblance to Portnoy’s and that his upbringing had been a largely happy experience. In fact, when Roth’s satire relaxes and he tries to show us the fleeting happy moments of Portnoy’s family life, the novel springs momentarily to life. After his lengthy portrayal of his father’s life of drudgery, he tries to tell us some of what inspired his love for his parents: 

But what he had to offer I didn’t want—and what I wanted he didn’t have to offer. Yet how unusual is that? Why must it continue to cause such pain? At this late date! Doctor, what should I rid myself of, tell me, the hatred … or the love? Because I haven’t even begun to mention everything I remember with pleasure—I mean with a rapturous, biting sense of loss! All those memories that seem somehow to be bound up with the weather and the time of day, and that flash into mind with such poignancy, that momentarily I am not down in the subway, or at my office, or at dinner with a pretty girl, but back in my childhood, with them. Memories of practically nothing—and yet they seem moments of history as crucial to my being as the moment of my conception; I might be remembering his sperm nosing into her ovum, so piercing is my gratitude—yes, my gratitude!—so sweeping and unqualified is my love. Yes, me, with sweeping and unqualified love! I am standing in the kitchen (standing maybe for the first time in my life), my mother points, “Look outside, baby,” and I look; she says, “See? how purple? a real fall sky.” The first line of poetry I ever hear! And I remember it! A real fall sky … It is an iron-cold January day, dusk—oh, these memories of dusk are going to kill me yet, of chicken fat on rye bread to tide me over to dinner, and the moon already outside the kitchen window—I have just come in with hot red cheeks and a dollar I have earned shoveling snow: “You know what you’re going to have for dinner,” my mother coos so lovingly to me, “for being such a hard-working boy? Your favorite winter meal. Lamb stew.” It is night: after a Sunday in New York City, at Radio City and Chinatown, we are driving home across the George Washington Bridge—the Holland Tunnel is the direct route between Pell Street and Jersey City, but I beg for the bridge, and because my mother says it’s “educational,” my father drives some ten miles out of his way to get us home. Up front my sister counts aloud the number of supports upon which the marvelous educational cables rest, while in the back I fall asleep with my face against my mother’s black sealskin coat. At Lakewood, where we go one winter for a weekend vacation with my parents’ Sunday night Gin Rummy Club, I sleep in one twin bed with my father, and my mother and Hannah curl up together in the other. At dawn my father awakens me and like convicts escaping, we noiselessly dress and slip out of the room. “Come,” he whispers, motioning for me to don my earmuffs and coat, “I want to show you something. Did you know I was a waiter in Lakewood when I was sixteen you know I was a waiter in Lakewood when I was sixteen years old?” Outside the hotel he points across to the beautiful silent woods. “How’s that?” he says. We walk together—“at a brisk pace”—around a silver lake. “Take good deep breaths. Take in the piney air all the way. This is the best air in the world, good winter piney air.” Good winter piney air—another poet for a parent! I couldn’t be more thrilled if I were Wordsworth’s kid! … In summer he remains in the city while the three of us go off to live in a furnished room at the seashore for a month. He will join us for the last two weeks, when he gets his vacation … there are times, however, when Jersey City is so thick with humidity, so alive with the mosquitoes that come dive-bombing in from the marshes, that at the end of his day’s work he drives sixty-five miles, taking the old Cheesequake Highway—the Cheesequake! My God! the stuff you uncover here!—drives sixty-five miles to spend the night with us in our breezy room at Bradley Beach. 

He arrives after we have already eaten, but his own dinner waits while he unpeels the soggy city clothes in which he has been making the rounds of his debit all day, and changes into his swimsuit. I carry his towel for him as he clops down the street to the beach in his unlaced shoes. I am dressed in clean short pants and a spotless polo shirt, the salt is showered off me, and my hair—still my little boy’s pre-steel wool hair, soft and combable—is beautifully parted and slicked down. There is a weathered iron rail that runs the length of the boardwalk, and I seat myself upon it; below me, in his shoes, my father crosses the empty beach. I watch him neatly set down his towel near the shore. He places his watch in on down his towel near the shore. He places his watch in one shoe, his eyeglasses in the other, and then he is ready to make his entrance into the sea. To this day I go into the water as he advised: plunge the wrists in first, then splash the underarms, then a handful to the temples and the back of the neck … ah, but slowly, always slowly. This way you get to refresh yourself, while avoiding a shock to the system. Refreshed, unshocked, he turns to face me, comically waves farewell up to where he thinks I’m standing, and drops backward to float with his arms outstretched. Oh he floats so still—he works, he works so hard, and for whom if not for me?—and then at last, after turning on his belly and making with a few choppy strokes that carry him nowhere, he comes wading back to shore, his streaming compact torso glowing from the last pure spikes of light driving in, over my shoulder, out of stifling inland New Jersey, from which I am being spared. 

And there are more memories like this one, Doctor. A lot more. This is my mother and father I’m talking about. 

... 

But don’t get me wrong (as though that were possible): during a winter snowstorm what is more thrilling, while stamping off the slush on the back landing at lunchtime, than to hear “Aunt Jenny” coming over the kitchen radio, and to smell cream of tomato soup heating up on the stove? What beats freshly laundered and ironed pajamas any season of the year, and a bedroom fragrant with furniture polish? How would I like my underwear all gray and jumbled up in my drawer, as Smolka’s always is? I wouldn’t. How would I like socks without toes and nobody to bring me hot lemonade and honey when my throat is sore? 

It is in passages like these that Roth comes close to a balanced appraisal of his Jewish background. They stand out in the narrative with sudden, unexpected beauty like the halos Renaissance painters placed around the heads of saints. What could be more human than a 33-year-old man missing a loving gesture from his mother? 

(1) What no one seems to have noticed is the novel’s incredible hostility to gentiles – to typical middle class white American life – and its special satirical attention to shiksas, emancipated gentile while women.

(2) Philip Roth Obituary.